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This page tracks Twitter's consumer-facing Terms of Service across the 2022-09-05 to 2023-10-11 scrape window — the historical predecessor of the wiki's X_Terms_of_Service.md page (which picks up the same document from 2024-02-21 onward). It covers the core user-Content license grant ("Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content"), the software license for Twitter's own apps, the DMCA copyright-agent contact, and (starting August 2023) an anti-scraping clause and a new TL;DR "key things you should take away" summary box.

What this wiki found — complete, every page

Presence facts, not verdicts — each flagged term links to its definition and the exact clause on this page. Absence of a badge means the term isn't currently flagged here, not that the page is risk-free.

Independent reviews, where they had something to say

Twitter – Terms of Service

Dataset: PGAv2 (Platform Governance Archive v2) — 25 platforms, 2022–2026

PGAv2 (Platform Governance Archive v2) is this wiki’s legacy dataset: pre-tagged JSONL records covering 25 major social-media, messaging, and content-sharing platforms, with risk scores and keywords assigned via systematic extraction of 1,736 high-risk clauses from each platform’s Terms of Service, Privacy Policies, and Community Guidelines, spanning 2022–2026.

Note: This page contains documented policy clauses. Risk assessment is qualitative and context-dependent. For analysis of patterns across platforms, see:

• AI Act Substance Matrix
• Tier Bifurcation
• Scraper Enforcement Gap
• Methodology

Source: sources/jsonl/Twitter_Terms_of_Service.jsonl Last updated: 2023-10-11

Overview

This page tracks Twitter’s consumer-facing Terms of Service across the 2022-09-05 to 2023-10-11 scrape window — the historical predecessor of the wiki’s X_Terms_of_Service.md page (which picks up the same document from 2024-02-21 onward). It covers the core user-Content license grant (“Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content”), the software license for Twitter’s own apps, the DMCA copyright-agent contact, and (starting August 2023) an anti-scraping clause and a new TL;DR “key things you should take away” summary box.

Across 9 scrapes, this page tracks the same Twitter→X corporate transition documented in Twitter_Other.md, playing out here in the consumer Terms rather than the Developer Agreement. Between 2022-09-20 and 2023-04-18/2023-05-18, the DMCA copyright-agent entity is renamed from “Twitter, Inc.” to “X Corp.,” “Twitter”/“Twitter Services” references throughout the license-grant and software-license clauses become “we”/“us”/“our,” and help-center/developer link domains shift from twitter.com to x.com. A second, independent change arrives at 2023-08-23: a brand-new TL;DR summary box at the top of the document introduces an explicit anti-scraping bullet (“you cannot scrape the Services”) for the first time in this dataset, fully X-branded (“X reserves the right…”, “the X mobile application”). The final scrape (2023-10-11) completes the link-rebrand cleanup (e.g. help.twitter.com → help.x.com, twitter-report-violation → x-report-violation). There is no explicit AI clause anywhere in this document; all flagged keywords fall under “non-explicit predatory” license/scraping language.

Flagged Keywords & Risks

• royalty-free, sublicense — Tag the core “Grant of Rights in the Content” clause: “you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed… with no compensation paid to you.” Why it matters: this is the same maximal, uncompensated, sublicensable license that X_Terms_of_Service.md documents in its later era — Twitter held essentially identical rights over user Content well before the AI-training language was added in 2024.
• derivative works, create derivative — Tag the “Restrictions” clause: “If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content… you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide… Otherwise, all such actions are strictly prohibited.” Why it matters: restricts users/developers from building on Twitter’s Services or Content outside Twitter-approved channels — a control-retention clause, not a grant Twitter takes for itself.
• assignable — Tags the reciprocal software-license sentence: “[We] give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services.” Why it matters: standard low-risk software-EULA boilerplate — Twitter licensing its own software to the user, not a right taken over user Content.
• scrape — First appears 2023-08-23, in the new TL;DR box: “you cannot scrape the Services, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services.” Why it matters: this is Twitter’s first consumer-facing anti-scraping rule, introduced around the same time as Twitter’s well-publicized mid-2023 API rate-limiting crackdown. It restricts third parties — including AI-training data-collection bots — from accessing content outside official channels.

Legal Context & Research Significance

The 2023-08-23 introduction of the “you cannot scrape the Services” clause is a useful test case for Atkinson’s (2025) contract-notice theory: under that framework, any bot that crawled twitter.com’s Terms page on or after that date had actual notice of the prohibition and could be held to have breached an enforceable contract term, regardless of whether it also obeyed (or ignored) robots.txt — Atkinson notes robots.txt is “a leaky solution” precisely because compliance is voluntary and unenforceable on its own. The royalty-free, sublicensable content-license clause this page documents predates that scraping rule by roughly a year and grants Twitter rights to use, copy, and redistribute posted Content “with no compensation paid to you,” placing this page’s flagged clauses in wearetosed’s “data sharing & selling” category even though, notably, this pre-2024 version of the license contains no explicit AI-training language — that addition came later, in the X_Terms_of_Service.md era this page precedes.

Changes Summary

Version History

2022-09-05

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-report-violation#specific-violations and https://help.twitter.com/en/managing-your-account/suspended-twitter-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.twitter.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: Twitter, Inc. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.twitter.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@twitter.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for Twitter to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, Retweet, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by Twitter, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. Twitter has an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable

You can control most communications from the Services. We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services Twitter gives you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided by Twitter, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the Twitter name or any of the Twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain the exclusive property of Twitter and its licensors.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.twitter.com/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to Twitter for Websites (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites), Twitter Cards (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs), or Sign in with Twitter (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Twitter Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of the Twitter Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in Twitter’s Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you must agree to our Twitter Master Services Agreement (https://ads.twitter.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use some of our Services.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.twitter.com/en/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to Twitter for Websites (https://developer.twitter.com/docs/twitter-for-websites), Twitter Cards (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs), or Sign in with Twitter (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Twitter Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of the Twitter Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in Twitter’s Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you must agree to our Twitter Master Services Agreement (https://ads.twitter.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use some of our Services.

2022-09-20

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable

All clauses unchanged from 2022-09-05 (see above).

2023-04-18

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense (transitional wide-window capture — see Changes Summary)

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-report-violation#specific-violations and https://help.twitter.com/en/managing-your-account/suspended-twitter-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.twitter.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.twitter.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@twitter.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for us to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, Retweet, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by us, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. We have an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable (transitional wide-window capture — see Changes Summary)

You can control most communications from the Services. We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services We give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided on Twitter, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the Twitter name or any of the Twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain our and our licensors’ exclusive property.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable (transitional wide-window capture — see Changes Summary)

We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services Twitter gives you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided by Twitter, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the Twitter name or any of the Twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain the exclusive property of Twitter and its licensors. Any feedback, comments, or suggestions you may provide regarding Twitter, or the Services is entirely voluntary and we will be free to use such feedback, comments or suggestions as we see fit and without any obligation to you.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (transitional wide-window capture — see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.twitter.com/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to Twitter for Websites (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites), Twitter Cards (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs), or Sign in with Twitter (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through our Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you must agree to our Twitter Master Services Agreement (https://ads.twitter.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use some of our Services.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (transitional wide-window capture — see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.twitter.com/en/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to Twitter for Websites (https://developer.twitter.com/docs/twitter-for-websites), Twitter Cards (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs), or Sign in with Twitter (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through our Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.twitter.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you must agree to our Twitter Master Services Agreement (https://ads.twitter.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use some of our Services.

2023-05-18

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable

royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable: narrower window than 2023-04-18 — same underlying paragraph, fewer duplicate captures (not re-quoted).

2023-08-23

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable, scrape

Clause: royalty-free (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

• You must abide by the Services’ acceptable use terms: You may not access the Services in any way other than through the currently available, published interfaces that we provide. For example, this means that you cannot scrape the Services, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services. * We have broad enforcement rights: X reserves the right to take enforcement actions against you if you do violate these terms, such as, for example, removing your Content, limiting visibility, discontinuing your access to X, or taking legal action. We may also suspend or terminate your account for other reasons, such as prolonged inactivity, risk of legal exposure, or commercial inviability. * There are Intellectual Property Licenses in these Terms: You retain ownership and rights to any of your Content you post or share, and you provide us with a broad, royalty-free license to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. Conversely, we provide you a license to use the software we provide as part of the Services, such as the X mobile application, solely for the purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services. * Your use of the Services is at your own risk: We provide the Services on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis, and we disclaim all warranties, responsibility, and liability to you or others to the extent permitted by law. You may be exposed to offensive or harmful content posted by other users. The Services may change from time to time, and we may limit or terminate availability of the Services or particular features to you or other users at any time.

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.x.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-report-violation#specific-violations and https://help.x.com/en/managing-your-account/suspended-twitter-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.x.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.x.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@x.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for us to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, repost, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by us, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. We have an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

You can control most communications from the Services. We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services We give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided on X, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the X name or any of the X trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain our and our licensors’ exclusive property.

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.x.com/en/rules-and-policies/twitter-report-violation#specific-violations and https://help.x.com/en/managing-your-account/suspended-twitter-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.x.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.x.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@x.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for us to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, repost, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by us, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. We have an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services We give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided on X, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the X name or any of the X trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain our and our licensors’ exclusive property. Any feedback, comments, or suggestions you may provide regarding X, or the Services is entirely voluntary and we will be free to use such feedback, comments or suggestions as we see fit and without any obligation to you.

Clause: royalty-free, assignable (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

We may need to provide you with certain communications, such as service announcements and administrative messages. These communications are considered part of the Services and your account, and you may not be able to opt-out from receiving them. If you added your phone number to your account and you later change or deactivate that phone number, you must update your account information to help prevent us from communicating with anyone who acquires your old number. ### Your License to Use the Services We give you a personal, worldwide, royalty-free, non-assignable and non-exclusive license to use the software provided to you as part of the Services. This license has the sole purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services as provided on Twitter, in the manner permitted by these Terms. The Services are protected by copyright, trademark, and other laws of both the United States and other countries. Nothing in the Terms gives you a right to use the Twitter name or any of the Twitter trademarks, logos, domain names, other distinctive brand features, and other proprietary rights. All right, title, and interest in and to the Services (excluding Content provided by users) are and will remain our and our licensors’ exclusive property. Any feedback, comments, or suggestions you may provide regarding Twitter, or the Services is entirely voluntary and we will be free to use such feedback, comments or suggestions as we see fit and without any obligation to you.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to X for Websites (https://developer.x.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites), X Cards (https://developer.x.com/en/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.x.com/en/docs), or Sign in with X (https://developer.x.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you agree to our Master Services Agreement (https://ads.x.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use the Services.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.x.com/en/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to X for Websites (https://developer.x.com/docs/twitter-for-websites), X Cards (https://developer.twitter.com/en/docs/x-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.x.com/en/docs), or Sign in with X (https://developer.x.com/en/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.x.com/en/developer-terms. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/twitter). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you agree to our X Master Services Agreement (https://ads.x.com/terms). ### Your Account You may need to create an account to use the Services.

Clause: scrape (new content — TL;DR/Highlights box introduced; see Changes Summary)

You should read these Terms of Service (“Terms”) in full, but here are a few key things you should take away: * You will see advertising on the platform: In exchange for accessing the Services, X and our third-party providers and partners may display advertising to you. * When posting Content and otherwise using the Services, you must comply with this User Agreement and Applicable Law: You are responsible for your use of the Services and your Content. You must comply with this User Agreement, its incorporated policies, and all applicable laws. * You must abide by the Services’ acceptable use terms: You may not access the Services in any way other than through the currently available, published interfaces that we provide. For example, this means that you cannot scrape the Services, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services. * We have broad enforcement rights: X reserves the right to take enforcement actions against you if you do violate these terms, such as, for example, removing your Content, limiting visibility, discontinuing your access to X, or taking legal action. We may also suspend or terminate your account for other reasons, such as prolonged inactivity, risk of legal exposure, or commercial inviability. * There are Intellectual Property Licenses in these Terms: You retain ownership and rights to any of your Content you post or share, and you provide us with a broad, royalty-free license to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. Conversely, we provide you a license to use the software we provide as part of the Services, such as the X mobile application, solely for the purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services.

2023-08-24

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable

royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable reverted to the 2023-05-18 wording (see above).

2023-08-30

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable, scrape

sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable reverted to the 2023-08-23 wording (see above).

Clause: royalty-free (new content — see Changes Summary)

• You must abide by the Services’ acceptable use terms: You may not access the Services in any way other than through the currently available, published interfaces that we provide. For example, this means that you cannot scrape the Services, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services. * We have broad enforcement rights: X reserves the right to take enforcement actions against you if you do violate these terms, such as, for example, removing your Content, limiting visibility, discontinuing your access to X, or taking legal action. We may also suspend or terminate your account for other reasons, such as prolonged inactivity, risk of legal exposure, or commercial inviability. * There are Intellectual Property Licenses in these Terms: You retain ownership and rights to any of your Content you post or share, and you provide us with a broad, royalty-free license to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. Conversely, we provide you a license to use the software we provide as part of the Services, such as the X mobile application, solely for the purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services. * Your use of the Services is at your own risk: We provide the Services on an “AS IS” and “AS AVAILABLE” basis, and we disclaim all warranties, responsibility, and liability to you or others to the extent permitted by law. You may be exposed to offensive or harmful content posted by other users. The Services may change from time to time, and we may limit or terminate availability of the Services or particular features to you or other users at any time.

Clause: scrape (new content — see Changes Summary)

You should read these Terms of Service (“Terms”) in full, but here are a few key things you should take away: * You will see advertising on the platform: In exchange for accessing the Services, X and our third-party providers and partners may display advertising to you. * When posting Content and otherwise using the Services, you must comply with this User Agreement and Applicable Law: You are responsible for your use of the Services and your Content. You must comply with this User Agreement, its incorporated policies, and all applicable laws. * You must abide by the Services’ acceptable use terms: You may not access the Services in any way other than through the currently available, published interfaces that we provide. For example, this means that you cannot scrape the Services, try to work around any technical limitations we impose, or otherwise attempt to disrupt the operation of the Services. * We have broad enforcement rights: X reserves the right to take enforcement actions against you if you do violate these terms, such as, for example, removing your Content, limiting visibility, discontinuing your access to X, or taking legal action. We may also suspend or terminate your account for other reasons, such as prolonged inactivity, risk of legal exposure, or commercial inviability. * There are Intellectual Property Licenses in these Terms: You retain ownership and rights to any of your Content you post or share, and you provide us with a broad, royalty-free license to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. Conversely, we provide you a license to use the software we provide as part of the Services, such as the X mobile application, solely for the purpose of enabling you to use and enjoy the benefit of the Services.

2023-09-29

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable, scrape

royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable: narrower window than 2023-08-30 — same underlying paragraph, fewer duplicate captures (not re-quoted).

scrape unchanged from 2023-08-30.

2023-10-11

• Explicit AI clause: NO
• Non-explicit predatory: YES
• Flagged keywords: royalty-free, sublicense, derivative works, create derivative, assignable, scrape

assignable, scrape unchanged from 2023-09-29.

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense (updated wording — link/URL rebrand finalized; see Changes Summary)

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.x.com/rules-and-policies/x-report-violation#specific-violations and https://help.x.com/managing-your-account/suspended-x-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.x.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.x.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@x.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. You agree that this license includes the right for us to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, repost, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use. Such additional uses by us, or other companies, organizations or individuals, is made with no compensation paid to you with respect to the Content that you submit, post, transmit or otherwise make available through the Services as the use of the Services by you is hereby agreed as being sufficient compensation for the Content and grant of rights herein. We have an evolving set of rules for how ecosystem partners can interact with your Content on the Services.

Clause: royalty-free, sublicense (updated wording — link/URL rebrand finalized; see Changes Summary)

Information regarding specific policies and the process for reporting or appealing violations can be found in our Help Center (https://help.x.com/rules-and-policies/x-report-violation and https://help.x.com/managing-your-account/suspended-x-accounts). If you believe that your Content has been copied in a way that constitutes copyright infringement, please report this by visiting our Copyright reporting form (https://help.x.com/forms/dmca) or contacting our designated copyright agent at: X Corp. Attn: Copyright Agent 1355 Market Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 Reports: https://help.x.com/forms/dmca Email: copyright@x.com ### Your Rights and Grant of Rights in the Content You retain your rights to any Content you submit, post or display on or through the Services. What’s yours is yours — you own your Content (and your incorporated audio, photos and videos are considered part of the Content). By submitting, posting or displaying Content on or through the Services, you grant us a worldwide, non-exclusive, royalty-free license (with the right to sublicense) to use, copy, reproduce, process, adapt, modify, publish, transmit, display and distribute such Content in any and all media or distribution methods now known or later developed (for clarity, these rights include, for example, curating, transforming, and translating). This license authorizes us to make your Content available to the rest of the world and to let others do the same. However, if you have chosen via our features to limit the distribution of your Content to a restricted community, we will respect that choice. You also agree that this license includes the right to analyze text and other information you provide with the view to improve the Services. You agree that this license includes the right for us to provide, promote, and improve the Services and to make Content submitted to or through the Services available to other companies, organizations or individuals for the syndication, broadcast, distribution, repost, promotion or publication of such Content on other media and services, subject to our terms and conditions for such Content use.

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (updated wording — link/URL rebrand finalized; see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to X for Websites (https://developer.x.com/docs/twitter-for-websites), X Cards (https://developer.x.com/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.x.com/docs), or Sign in with X (https://developer.x.com/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.x.com/developer-terms. Otherwise, all such actions are strictly prohibited. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/x). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you agree to our Master Services Agreement (https://ads.x.com/terms).

Clause: derivative works, create derivative (updated wording — link/URL rebrand finalized; see Changes Summary)

By using or paying for any of these additional services, you will have to agree to any additional terms applicable to those services, and those additional terms will then also become part of our agreement with you. If any of the applicable additional terms conflict with these Terms, the additional terms will prevail while you are using those services to which they apply. If you use paid features of the Services, you agree to the applicable Terms for Paid Services (https://legal.x.com/purchaser-terms.html). If you use developer features of the Services, including but not limited to X for Websites (https://developer.x.com/docs/twitter-for-websites), X Cards (https://developer.x.com/docs/twitter-for-websites/cards/overview/abouts-cards), Public API (https://developer.x.com/docs), or Sign in with X (https://developer.x.com/docs/authentication/guides/log-in-with-twitter), you agree to our Developer Agreement (https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/agreement) and Developer Policy (https://developer.x.com/developer-terms/policy). If you want to reproduce, modify, create derivative works, distribute, sell, transfer, publicly display, publicly perform, transmit, or otherwise use the Services or Content on the Services, you must use the interfaces and instructions we provide, except as permitted through the Services, these Terms, or the terms provided on https://developer.x.com/developer-terms. Otherwise, all such actions are strictly prohibited. If you are a security researcher, you are required to comply with the rules of our Vulnerability Reporting Program (https://hackerone.com/x). The requirements set out in the preceding paragraph may not apply to those participating in our Vulnerability Reporting Program. If you use advertising features of the Services, you agree to our Master Services Agreement (https://ads.x.com/terms).